1. Product Composition and Interfacial Design
1.1 Core-Shell Framework and Bonding Device
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments consisting of a high-strength steel core enveloped by a conductive copper layer, creating a metallurgically adhered core-shell style.
The steel core, commonly low-carbon or stainless-steel, gives mechanical robustness with tensile staminas exceeding 2000 MPa, while the copper layer– typically 2– 10% of the overall size– conveys excellent electric and thermal conductivity.
The user interface between steel and copper is essential for performance; it is crafted with electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding processes to guarantee strong attachment and marginal interdiffusion under functional stress and anxieties.
Electroplating is one of the most usual approach, using accurate density control and consistent insurance coverage on constant steel filaments drawn with copper sulfate baths.
Appropriate surface area pretreatment of the steel, including cleansing, pickling, and activation, makes sure optimum nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, avoiding delamination throughout succeeding processing or service.
Over time and at elevated temperature levels, interdiffusion can form weak iron-copper intermetallic stages at the user interface, which might endanger flexibility and long-lasting integrity– a difficulty reduced by diffusion obstacles or quick processing.
1.2 Physical and Practical Properties
CCSFs integrate the best qualities of both constituent steels: the high elastic modulus and tiredness resistance of steel with the remarkable conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electric conductivity generally varies from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS), depending on layer thickness and purity, making CCSF significantly much more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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